In response to dna damage, mitotic germline nuclei arrest proliferation, presumably to allow time for dna repair. Antisense inhibition of mdm2 is associated with a decrease in mdm2p53 complex formation, increase in p53inducible gene expression, increase in p53 transcriptional activity, and apoptosis. Dna damage has long been established as a cause of cancer development. Biomedical research centre, ninewells hospital and medical school, dundee dd1 9sy, uk available online 9 april 2004 abstract the p53 tumour suppressor protein is a highly potent transcription factor which, under normal circumstances, is maintained at low levels. The cell cycle effect of p53 ensures that damaged dna is not allowed to replicate. This dna damage and repair lecture explains the dna damage response created by p53 and other dna damage sensitive proteins to repair dna structure and prevent mutation. Request pdf p53 in the dnadamagerepair process the cells in the human. Tp53 also known as p53, a tumor suppressor gene, plays a central role in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, senescence, dna repair, cell metabolism, and autophagy 1, 2. Cells under stresses such as dna damage, hypoxia, and aberrant oncogene signals trigger their internal selfdefense machinery. Although this is a promising therapy for those cancers with wildtype p53, half of all human cancers have inactivated p53. Although hrdependent repair is largely error free, nhej can be inaccurate, leading. Regulation of the dna damage response by p53 cofactors core. When errors in dna are detected, dna damage repair ddr genes and their regulators are activated to effect repair. Germline mutations in the human brca2 gene confer susceptibility to breast cancer.
The regulation of dna excision repair pathways by p53 and its downstream genes is an emerging. Targeting dna repair pathway defects enriched in metastasis. Removal of oxygen free radicalinduced cyclodeoxynucleotides from dna by the nucleotide excision repair pathway in human cells. Request pdf p53 in the dnadamagerepair process the cells in the human body are continuously challenged by a variety of genotoxic attacks. Significantly, inhibition of mdm2 expression enhances the activation of p53 by a dnadamaging cancer chemotherapy agent in a synergistic fashion. Tp53, a caretaker gene, encodes the protein p53, which is nick named the guardian of the genome. Potential roles for p53 in nucleotide excision repair. Ruth nussinov 1 center for cancer research nanobiology program, saicfrederick, inc. Thus, despite increases in p53 protein level in zincdeficient cells, this p53 is likely dysfunctional and activation of gene transcription of specific genes needed. Pdf p53 is involved in regulation of the dna repair gene. Defective dna repair is known to activate p53, but our results indicate that, conversely, an increased p53 activity may attenuate the fanconi anaemia dna repair pathway, defining a positive.
Further examination of direct p53 target genes implicated in dna repair showed that knockdown of mlh1, msh2, rnf144b, cav1 and ddit4 accelerated mycdriven lymphoma development to. We showed, by mining cbioportal data of a range of human cancers, that the tendency of mutual exclusivity of mutations in p53 and dna repair genes only exist in very limited human cancer. Dna repair the process of restoring dna after damage. Since then, research on p53 has developed in many exciting and sometimes unexpected directions. Uv and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc. The maintenance of a pristine genome, free from errors, is necessary to prevent cellular transformation and degeneration. During the last ten years, specific dna lesions that trigger apoptosis have been identified. The dnadependent protein kinase dnapk is a pivotal component of the dna repair machinery that governs the response to dna damage, serving to maintain genome integrity. Mar 11, 2015 this dna damage and repair lecture explains the dna damage response created by p53 and other dna damage sensitive proteins to repair dna structure and prevent mutation. In this video we introduce the p53 protein, often referred to as the guardian of the genome and discuss its involvement in the response to dna damage. A misbalance between dna damage and dna repair normally results in higher p53 levels through pulses, causing a transient p53dependent g1s cellcycle arrest.
Mechanism of p53 stabilization by atm after dna damage. The dna in a human cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events per day, generated by both external exogenous and internal metabolic endogenous processes. Cancers free fulltext p53mediated tumor suppression. Nat10 regulates p53 activation through acetylating p53 120. Moreover, p53 also participates in base excision repair of hydrogen. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment e. The brca2 gene product functionally interacts with p53 and. Following the induction of dna damage, a prominent route of cell inactivation is apoptosis. This allows dna repair to occur prior to entry into the s phase. A central node in the p53 network is the mdm2 protein, the product of one of the p53 target genes and a.
This prevents the cell from replicating its dna if there is damage. However, according to an increasing number of studies, the p53 mediated canonical dna damage response is dispensable for tumor suppression. Synergistic activation of p53 by inhibition of mdm2. When these ddr pathways are themselves mutated or aberrantly downregulated, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders can ensue. Damage to cellular dna is involved in mutagenesis and the development of cancer. This video describes the structure and function of the p53 dna complex v. Dna repair processes are critical mediators of p53. Introduction to p53 and the response to dna damage part 4.
Request pdf p53 in the dna damage repair process the cells in the human body are continuously challenged by a variety of genotoxic attacks. We investigated the effects of p53r2 silencing on dna. Clytadaao, free and immobilized in magnetic nanoparticles, induces cell. However, besides inducing cell growth arrest and apoptosis, p53. Diverse dna repair systems augment dna polymerase proofreading mostly characterized in bacteria. Rpa also helps the local unwinding of the dna by its high affinity to singlestrand dna. The produced dntps are incorporated into two major processes. The antineoplastic effect of p53 is conferred, at least in part, by inhibiting propagation of cells with unrepaired dna damage by enhancing dna repair, promoting cell cycle arrest andor facilitating apoptosis. Dna damage responses and p53 in the aging process blood. May 02, 2016 erroneous repair of the dna can lead to mutations and chromosomal aberrations that can alter the functions of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, thus causing cancer development. Xpa is a protein known to bind damaged dna and to physically interact with the tfiih complex and the complex ercc1xpf li et al.
Setd2 is required for dna doublestrand break repair and. Pdf a model for p53 dynamics triggered by dna damage. Repair of these lesions are important in preventing apoptosis. Structural basis for p53 bindinginduced dna bending. This study examined how loss of p53 or dna mismatch repair mmr function affected the rate of development of resistance to cisplatin in human colon carcinoma cells during sequential cycles of cisplatin exposure that. The tumor suppressor p53 regulates different cellular pathways involved in cell survival, dna repair, apoptosis, and senescence. The p53 tumor suppressor protein is involved in multiple central cellular processes, including transcription, dna repair, genomic stability, senescence, cell cycle control, and apoptosis.
A novel cytoprotective function for the dna repair protein ku. The tumor suppressor p53 serves as a guardian of the genome and has been studied intensively for over 30 years. Dna damage induces covalent modifications of p53 and mdm2, particularly phosphorylation indicated by p. Jun 19, 2012 the dna damage response comprises dna repair, cellcycle checkpoint control, and dna damageinduced apoptosis that collectively promote genomic integrity and suppress tumorigenesis. Dna repair is activated in early stages of p53induced apoptosis. As a central tumor suppressor, p53 guards the genome by orchestrating a variety of dna damageresponse ddr mechanisms. Mar 10, 2016 the observation that inhibition of factors involved in dna repair specifically, xrcc4 or dna. This study examined how loss of p53 or dna mismatch repair mmr function affected the rate of development of resistance to cisplatin in human colon carcinoma cells during sequential cycles of cisplatin exposure.
Mutation in tp53 is arguably the most frequent type of genespecific alterations in human cancers. When the dna in a cell becomes damaged by agents such as toxic chemicals, radiation, or ultraviolet uv rays from sunlight, this protein plays a critical role in determining whether the dna will be repaired or the damaged cell. It has been known for more than 20 years that p53 has important roles in the repair of uvinduced dna damage, both via transactivation and transrepression activities transcriptional regulation and via activities not directly associated with gene regulation. Since apoptosis may play an important role in deletion of. Cell cycle and dna repair pathwayspecific effects of. Only free cyce, rather than p21bound cyce, promotes. In some cases, wildtype p53 instead induces apoptosis in cells subjected to dna damage. However p53 also plays a role in cell cycle arrest and dna. The p53 protein appears to sense multiple types of dna damage and coordinate with multiple options for cellular response. In this study, we found that p53r2 was overexpressed in prostate tumor cell lines compared with immortalized prostatic epithelial cells and that the protein was induced upon dna damage. Mutant tp53 forms demonstrate altered growth regulatory properties and can also inactivate normal wildtype p53 protein. The role of p53 binding protein 1 53bp1 a p53 interacting protein in dna repair is well defined, although it is less clear how it influences p53 biology.
In the meiotic region of the germ line, cells with dna damage are removed by apoptosis before oogenesis. The role of the p53 tumour suppressor protein in relation. Dna repair processes are critical mediators of p53dependent. After exposure to genotoxic stress, p53 can both positively and negatively regulate cell fate. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as radiation can cause dna damage, resulting in as many as 1 million individual molecular lesions per cell per day. A less obvious, nonetheless relevant function of the p53 family members is in cellular aging through their activity on dna repair mechanisms. These proteinprotein interactions rely on the dna binding domain of p53, and cancerderived p53 mutants lack the ability to promote mitochondrial apoptosis. We investigate the roles of dna mismatch repair mmr and p53 in mediating the induction of autophagy in human tumor cells after exposure to 6thioguanine 6tg, a chemotherapy drug recognized by mmr.
Dna damage, activated p53 first induces hzf, which promotes the expression of p21 to arrest the cell. Recently, a new role for p53 has come to light, as the. A critical player in p53 dna damage response is the atm kinase. The role of p53p21p16 in dnadamage signaling and dna repair. Initially, p53 promotes cell survival by inducing cell cycle arrest, dna repair, and other pro. Jun 11, 2018 further examination of direct p53 target genes implicated in dna repair showed that knockdown of mlh1, msh2, rnf144b, cav1 and ddit4 accelerated mycdriven lymphoma development to a similar extent. The p53 gene and its protein product have become the center of intensive study ever since it became clear that slightly more than 50% of human cancers contain mutations in this gene. By responding to cellular stresses, such as dna damage, hypoxia and cellcycle aberrations, p53 is activated as a transcription factor. These include o6methylguanine, base nalkylations, bulky dna adducts, dna crosslinks and dna doublestrand breaks dsbs. Until the burst of dna repair related studies in recent years, genome stabilising functions of p53 were explained by its ability to signal cell cycle arrest at the g1s and g2m transition. As opposed to factors that control sensitivity to the acute cytotoxic effect of cisplatin, little is known about the factors that determine the rate at which resistance develops. Nov 18, 2014 p53 is a tumor suppressor protein that prevetns cells from dividing inappropriately. Pdf p53 in a crosstalk between dna repair and cell cycle.
Dna damage and repair summary department of molecular. An alternate model for cytoplasmic p53 induced apoptosis proposes that basal levels of p53 protein are bound to free, cytoplasmic bclx l, rendering p53 inactive. Mutant p53 rescue and modulation of p53 redox state. Hinting at a role for p53 in dna repair, studies showed that p53 has both. Error free dna repair normal replica on accumulao n of dna damage senescenceapoptosis the two faces of p21 low levels of genomic instability p53 null p53 wt cancer free phenotype p53 null cancer ce lls do not overcome the senescence barrier a transient environmental agents radiaon, chemicals, toxins, etc. The maintenance of a pristine genome, free from errors, is necessary to prevent. Structure and function of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Dna damageinduced apoptosis occurs in addition to physiological programmed germ cell death.
Several recent experiments on dna damageinduced signaling networks in mammalian cells have shown interesting dynamics in p53 protein expression during the repair cycle. Hinting at a role for p53 in dna repair, studies showed that p53 has both sequence. Pharmacologically increasing mdm2 inhibits dna repair and. Previously, we have shown that the chk2 kinase functions independently of the mre11 complex mre11, rad50, and nbs1 and atm in apoptosis and suppresses tumorigenesis resulting from hypomorphic alleles of mre11 or. While the beneficial impact of the anticancer function of p53 is well established, several recent papers suggest that p53 activation may in some circumstances act. A plausible model for the digital response of p53 to dna. The regulation of dna excision repair pathways by p53 and its downstream genes is an emerging body of literature, largely distinct and separable from the morestudied cell cycle arrest and apoptosis responses regulated by p53. Pkcs did not result in the accumulation of p53 fig 1f further supports our conclusion that partial loss of ku directly modifies the expression of p53 and that the latter is not the consequence of unrepaired dna or of sirna off. Zinc deficiency, dna damage and cancer risk sciencedirect. P53 suppresses tumorigenesis through multiple cellular functionsmechanisms.
Mutant tp53 forms demonstrate altered growth regulatory properties and can also inactivate normal wildtype p53. Other studies have indicated that rad51 physically associates with the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Patients with longstanding achalasia have an increased risk of developing ec. Furthermore, increased dna repair by nhej in g1 phase is unlikely as the levels of dsbs in serumstarved tkobcl2p53ko mefs remained low when. Evidence for the direct binding of phosphorylated p53 to sites of dna breaks in vivo figure 2. Dna mismatch repair initiates 6thioguanineinduced autophagy. However, the dnapk kinase component was initially isolated with transcriptional complexes, and recent findings have illuminated the impact of dnapkmediated transcriptional regulation on tumor progression and therapeutic. Previously, we have shown that the chk2 kinase functions independently of the mre11 complex mre11, rad50, and nbs1 and atm in apoptosis and suppresses tumorigenesis resulting from hypomorphic. As a transcriptional factor, p53 regulates expression of diverse sets of genes corresponding to different stimuli, functioning in cell cycle arrest, dna repair, apoptosis, and senescence 3,4. Dna repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the dna molecules that encode its genome.
It can activate dna repair proteins when dna has sustained damage. Decreased dna repair efficiency by loss or disruption of p53. Interestingly, caffeine has been found to block p53 activa tion by ir 2 and to also block gadd45 induction. The dna damage response comprises dna repair, cellcycle checkpoint control, and dna damageinduced apoptosis that collectively promote genomic integrity and suppress tumorigenesis. Dna damage, dna repair, and apoptosis springerlink. We also examine how activation of autophagy affects apoptosis type i cell death after mmr processing of 6tg. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches binds directly to dna. This pulsatile behavior of p53 can be explained at least in part by atminduced activation of 53 followed by transactivation of mdm2 and wip1, two negative regulators of p53 56. One critical response is the activation of the tumor suppressor protein p53, which transcribes genes that induce cell cycle arrest, dna repair, and apoptosis 14. Jul 12, 2002 activation of the p53 transcription factor in response to a variety of cellular stresses, including dna damage and oncogene activation, initiates a program of gene expression that blocks the proliferative expansion of damaged cells. May 06, 2014 the involvement of setd2 in an important dna repair pathway could explain the high frequency of setd2 mutations in several cancers and may provide an alternative mechanism to evade the p53 mediated checkpoint. The p53 protein was discovered 20 years ago, as a cellular protein tightly bound to the large t oncoprotein of the sv40 dna tumour virus. Since dna damage is associated with the production of oxygen free radical species, the. However, when cells accumulate dna damage or demonstrate aberrant growth, p53 can direct the elimination of damaged cells.
It plays a very important role during the developing process of esophageal cancer ec. Efforts to elucidate its function have revealed a putative transcriptional activation domain and in vitro interaction with the dna repair protein rad51. Due to the absence of ken box for ubiquitination, p53r2. Functional repair of p53 mutation in colorectal cancer. Impairment of the dna repair and growth arrest pathways by. Nutlin3 is a smallmolecule inhibitor of mdm2p53 interaction that can induce apoptosis in cancer cells through activation of p53. Oct 16, 2018 however, we show that ko of the p53 transcription target p21 cip1 phenocopied the effects of ko of p53 in tkobcl2 mefs, arguing against a transcriptionindependent role of p53 in suppressing dna repair.
Multiple functions of p21 in cell cycle, apoptosis and. Loss of p53 suppresses replicationstressinduced dna. Tumor suppressor p53 is pivotal to cell fate determination under genotoxic stress and is mutated in over 50% of human cancers 1,2. Schematic representation of the factors and the pathways that modulate the aging process. Correlation of p53 and dna repair gene mutation patterns. One of the key proteins in checkpoint pathways is the tumor suppressor p53, which coordinates dna repair with cell cycle progression and apoptosis. The mdm2 oncogene is a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor and recently identified inhibitor of dna break repair. This protein was suggested to have a role in dna repair synthesis, probably acting as a p53 dependent regulator of chromatin accessibility to ner machinery. Dna repair pathways direct enzymatic repair base excision repair nucleotide excision repair mismatch repair doublestrand break repair nonhomologous end joining homologous recombination. Restoring gene for cancer protein p53 slows spread of. Following dna damage which is associated with increase in p53 levels, the p53r2 expression also increases.
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